Validity and reliability study of the Moral Distress Questionnaire in Turkish for nurses.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish language version of the Moral Distress Questionnaire for nurses. METHOD: methodological study whose sample consisted of 200 nurses working in the internal medicine and surgery clinics of a university hospital. Data was collected using the personal information form and the Moral Distress Questionnaire for nurses. RESULTS: in the Main Components Analysis, the items were grouped under three factors. Findings regarding confirmatory factor analysis: chi-square goodness: 2.28, goodness of fit index: 0.88, comparative fit index: 0.88, non-normed fit index: 0.86, root mean square error of approximation: 0.07. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.79 as a result of the analysis conducted in order to test the internal consistency of the scale. It was seen that these three factors explained 44.92% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: in this present study, the Turkish version of the Moral Distress Questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable for the Turkish society. It is recommended that the Moral Distress Questionnaire for nurses should be used in future studies to be conducted with nurses in order to investigate of issues of ethical dilemma.

Validity and reliability study of the Moral Distress Questionnaire in Turkish for nurses / Estudo de validade e confiabilidade do Moral Distress Questionnaire no idioma turco para enfermeiros / Estudio de validación y confiabilidad del Moral Distress Questionnaire en idioma turco para enfermeros

Objective: to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish language version of the Moral Distress Questionnaire for nurses. Method: methodological study whose sample consisted of 200 nurses working in the internal medicine and surgery clinics of a university hospital. Data was collected using the personal information form and the Moral Distress Questionnaire for nurses. Results: in the Main Components Analysis, the items were grouped under three factors. Findings regarding confirmatory factor analysis: chi-square goodness: 2.28, goodness of fit index: 0.88, comparative fit index: 0.88, non-normed fit index: 0.86, root mean square error of approximation: 0.07. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.79 as a result of the analysis conducted in order to test the internal consistency of the scale. It was seen that these three factors explained 44.92% of the total variance. Conclusion: in this present study, the Turkish version of the Moral Distress Questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable for the Turkish society. It is recommended that the Moral Distress Questionnaire for nurses should be used in future studies to be conducted with nurses in order to investigate of issues of ethical dilemma.

Objetivo: determinar a validade e a confiabilidade da versão em idioma turco do Moral Distress Questionnaire para enfermeiros. Método: estudo metodológico cuja amostra foi composta por 200 enfermeiros atuantes nas clínicas de medicina interna e cirurgia de um hospital universitário. Os dados foram coletados por meio do formulário de informações pessoais e do Moral Distress Questionnaire para enfermeiros. Resultados: na Análise de Componentes Principais, os itens foram agrupados em três fatores. Resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória: qualidade do ajuste do qui-quadrado: 2,28, índice de qualidade do ajuste: 0,88, índice de ajuste comparativo: 0,88, índice de ajuste não normatizado: 0,86, raiz quadrada da média do erro de aproximação: 0,07. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,79 como resultado da análise realizada para testar a consistência interna da escala. Observou-se que esses três fatores explicaram 44,92% da variância total. Conclusão: neste estudo, a versão turca do Moral Distress Questionnaire foi considerada válida e confiável para a sociedade turca. Recomenda-se que o Moral Distress Questionnaire para enfermeiros seja utilizado em estudos futuros a serem conduzidos, com esses profissionais, para investigar questões de dilema ético.

Objetivo: determinar la validación y confiabilidad de la versión en idioma turco del Moral Distress Questionnaire para enfermeros. Método: estudio metodológico cuya muestra estuvo conformada por 200 enfermeras que trabajaban en clínicas médicas y de cirugía internas de un hospital universitario. Los datos se recopilaron utilizando el formulario de información personal y el Cuestionario de Estrés Moral para enfermeros. Resultados: en el Análisis de Componentes Principales, los ítems se agruparon en tres factores. Resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio: calidad de ajuste de chi-cuadrado: 2,28, índice de bondad de ajuste: 0,88, índice de ajuste comparativo: 0,88, índice de ajuste no normalizado: 0,86, raíz cuadrada del error de aproximación promedio: 0.07. Se determinó que el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,79 como resultado del análisis realizado para comprobar la consistencia interna de la escala. Se observó que estos tres factores explicaban el 44,92% de la varianza total. Conclusión: en el presente estudio, la versión turca del Cuestionario de Estrés Moral resultó ser válida y confiable para la sociedad turca. Se recomienda que el Cuestionario de Estrés Moral para enfermeros se utilice en futuros estudios, con estos profesionales, para investigar cuestiones de dilema ético.

Intradermal Skin Testing in Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma with Negative Skin Prick Tests.

Taking medical history, physical examination, and performing some in vivo and in vitro tests are necessary for the diagnosis of allergy. Skin prick test (SPT) is considered as the standard method and first-line approach for the detection of allergic sensitization. Although mainly SPT is used for the detection of allergic sensitization, intradermal skin test (IDST) may be necessary, especially in patients with a negative SPT result. IDST is quite safe; however, is nowadays seldom used for detection of inhalant allergy and its value remains controversial. We aimed to investigate whether IDST is useful and necessary in diagnosis of respiratory allergies or not. This study involved 4223 patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and/or bronchial asthma (BA). SPT results were positive in 2419 patients (57%) and negative in 1804 (43%). IDST was applied to 344 patients with marked allergic symptoms and with negative SPT results. Out of 344 patients, 152 (44%) showed allergic sensitization to IDST. The most commonly encountered allergic response was against the house dust mite (HDM) (32.6%). Allergic response against fungal spores was also relatively high (22%), while the pollen allergy rate (4.3%) was quite low. In BA patients with negative prick test, IDST made a significant contribution to the diagnosis of HDM allergy (p=0.003). To avoid missed diagnosis of AR and BA, particularly regarding  the HDM allergy, application of IDST may be beneficial; therefore, IDST should be considered as the next step after SPT for diagnosis of allergy prior to in vitro or provocation tests.